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Elektronenaffiniteiten van een aantal deeltjes.

[bewerken]

De elektronenaffiniteit van een deeltje is de energie die vrijkomt als een deeltje een elektron opneemt. De term wordt gebruikt voor neutrale deeltjes die een elektron opnemen. Op een andere manier kun je zeggen dat het de energie is die nodig is om een elektron van een deeltje te verwijderen. De elektronenaffiniteit zou dus beschouwd kunnen worden als de "nulde" ionisatiepotentiaal

Elementen

[bewerken]

Elektronenaffiniteiten van de elementen.[1]

  • Het cijfer tussen haakjes geeft de betrouwbaarheid van het laatste cijfer in de waarde.
  • † In 2025 bleek dat elektronaffiniteit ook gevoelig is voor kwantum-effecten,[2] wat een herziening van de met een "†" gemerkte waarden tot gevolg kan hebben. De herziening heeft een verlaging met ongeveer 20 μeV (2 J/mol) tot gevolg.
Z Element Naam Elektronaffiniteit (eV) Elektronaffiniteit (kJ/mol) Referentie
1 1H Waterstof 0,754 195(19) 72,769(2) [3]
1 2H Deuterium 0,754 67(4) 72,814(4) [4]
2 He Helium −0,5(2) −48(20) Geschat[5]
3 Li Lithium 0,618 049(22) 59,632 6(21) [6]
4 Be Beryllium −0,5(2) −48(20) Geschat[5]
5 B Boor 0,279 723(25) 26,989(3) [7]
6 12C Koolstof 1,262 122 6(11) 121,776 3(1) [7]
6 13C Koolstof 1,262 113 6(12) 121,775 5(2) [8]
7 N Stikstof −0,07 −6,8 [5]
8 16O Zuurstof 1,461 112 97(9) 140,975 970(9) [9]
8 17O Zuurstof 1,461 108(4) 140,975 5(3) [10]
8 18O Zuurstof 1,461 105(3) 140,975 2(3) [10]
9 F Fluor 3,401 189 8(24) 328,164 9(3) [11][12]
10 Ne Neon −1,2(2) −116(19) Geschat[5]
11 Na Natrium 0,547 926(25) 52,867(3) [13]
12 Mg Magnesium −0,4(2) −40(19) Geschat[5]
13 Al Aluminium 0,432 83(5) 41,762(5) [14]
14 Si Silicium 1,389 521 2(8) 134,068 4(1) [15]
15 P Fosfor 0,746 609(11) 72,037(1) [16]
16 32S Zwavel 2,077 104 2(6) 200,410 1(1) [15]
16 34S Zwavel 2,077 104 5(12) 200,410 1(2) [17]
17 Cl Chloor 3,612 725(28) 348,575(3) [18]
18 Ar Argon −1,0(2) −96(20) Geschat[5]
19 K Kalium 0,501 459(13) 48,383(2) [19]
20 Ca Calcium 0,024 55(10) 2,37(1) [20]
21 Sc Scandium 0,179 380(23)† 17,307 6(22) [21]
22 Ti Titanium 0,075 54(5)† 7,289(5) [22]
23 V Vanadium 0,527 66(20)† 50,911(20) [23]
24 Cr Chroom 0,675 928(27)† 65,217 2(26) [21]
25 Mn Mangaan −0,5(2) −50(19) Geschat[5]
26 Fe IJzer 0,153 236(35)† 14,785(4) [24]
27 Co Kobalt 0,662 255(47)† 63,897 9(45) [25]
28 Ni Nikkel 1,157 16(12) 111,65(2) [26]
29 Cu Koper 1,235 78(4) 119,235(4) [27]
30 Zn Zink −0,6(2) −58(20) Geschat[5]
31 Ga Gallium 0,301 166(15)† 29,058 1(15) [28]
32 Ge Germanium 1,232 676 4(13) 118,935 2(2) [29]
33 75As Arseen 0,804 486(3) 77,621 1(3) [2]
34 Se Seleen 2,020 604 7(12) 194,958 7(2) [30]
35 Br Broom 3,363 588(3) 324,536 9(3) [11]
36 Kr Krypton −1,0(2) −96(20) Geschat[5]
37 Rb Rubidium 0,485 916(21) 46,884(3) [31]
38 Sr Strontium 0,052 06(6) 5,023(6) [32]
39 Y Yttrium 0,311 29(22)† 30,035(21) [21]
40 Zr Zirkonium 0,433 28(9)† 41,806(9) [33]
41 Nb Niobium 0,917 40(7)† 88,516(7) [34]
42 Mo Molybdeen 0,747 23(8)† 72,097(8) [21]
43 Tc Technetium 0,55(20) 53(20) Geschat[35]
44 Ru Ruthenium 1,046 27(2)† 100,950(3) [21]
45 Rh Rodium 1,142 89(20) 110,27(2) [26]
46 Pd Palladium 0,562 14(12) 54,24(2) [26]
47 Ag Zilver 1,304 47(3) 125,862(3) [27]
48 Cd Cadmium −0,7(2) −68(20) Geschat[5]
49 In Indium 0,383 92(6) 37,043(6) [36]
50 Sn Tin 1,112 070(2) 107,298 4(3) [37]
51 Sb Antimony 1,047 401(19) 101,059(2) [38]
52 Te Telluur 1,970 875(7) 190,161(1) [39]
53 127I Jodium 3,059 046 5(37) 295,153 1(4) [40]
53 128I Jodium 3,059 052(38) 295,154(4) [41]
54 Xe Xenon −0,8(2) −77(20) Geschat[5]
55 Cs Cesium 0,4715983(38) 45,5023(4) [42]
56 Ba Barium 0,144 62(6) 13,954(6) [43]
57 La Lanthaan 0,557 546(20)† 53,795(2) [44]
58 Ce Cerium 0,600 160(27)† 57,906 7(26) [45]
59 Pr Praseodymium 0,109 23(46)† 10,539(45) [46]
60 Nd Neodymium 0,097 49(33)† 9,406(32) [46]
61 Pm Promethium 0,129 12,45 [47]
62 Sm Samarium 0,162 15,63 [48]
63 Eu Europium 0,116(13) 11,2(13) [48]
64 Gd Gadolinium 0,212(30)† 20,5(29) [21]
65 Tb Terbium 0,131 31(80)† 12,670(77) [46]
66 Dy Dysprosium 0,015(3) 1,45(30) [49]
67 Ho Holmium 0,338 32,61 [47]
68 Er Erbium 0,312 30,10 [47]
69 Tm Thulium 1,029(22) 99(3) [50]
70 Yb Ytterbium −0,02 −1,93 Geschat[35]
71 Lu Lutetium 0,238 8(7)† 23,04(7) [51]
72 Hf Hafnium 0,178 0(7)† 17,18(7) [52]
73 Ta Tantaal 0,328 859(23)† 31,730 1(22) [21]
74 W Wolfraam 0,816 500(82)† 78,780 3(80) [21]
75 Re Renium 0,060 396(64)† 5,827 3(62) [53]
76 Os Osmium 1,077 661(24)† 103,978 5(24) [21]
77 Ir Iridium 1,564 057(12)† 150,908 6(12) [54]
78 Pt Platina 2,125 10(5) 205,041(5) [55]
79 Au Goud 2,308 610(25) 222,747(3) [56]
80 Hg Kwik −0,5(2) −48(20) Geschat[5]
81 Tl Thallium 0,320 053(19) 30,880 4(19) [57]
82 Pb Lood 0,356 721(2) 34,418 3(3) [58]
83 Bi Bismut 0,942 362(13) 90,924(2) [59]
84 Po Polonium 1,40(7) 136(7) Berekend[60]
85 At Astaat 2,415 78(7) 233,087(8) [61]
86 Rn Radon −0,7(2) −68(20) Geschat[5]
87 Fr Francium 0,486 46,89 Geschat[62][35]
88 Ra Radium 0,10 9,648 5 Geschat[63][35]
89 Ac Actinium 0,35 33,77 Geschat[35]
90 Th Thorium 0,607 69(6)† 58,633(6) [64]
91 Pa Protactinium 0,55 53,03 Geschat[65]
92 U Uranium 0,314 97(9)† 30,390(9) [66]
93 Np Neptunium 0,48 45,85 Geschat[65]
94 Pu Plutonium −0,50 −48,33 Geschat[65]
95 Am Americium 0,10 9,93 Geschat[65]
96 Cm Curium 0,28 27,17 Geschat[65]
97 Bk Berkelium −1,72 −165,24 Geschat[65]
98 Cf Californium −1,01 −97,31 Geschat[65]
99 Es Einsteinium −0,30 −28,60 Geschat[65]
100 Fm Fermium 0,35 33,96 Geschat[65]
101 Md Mendelevium 0,98 93,91 Geschat[65]
102 No Nobelium −2,33 −223,22 Geschat[65]
103 Lr Lawrencium −0,31 −30,04 Geschat[65]
111 Rg Röntgenium 1,565 151,0 Berekend[67]
113 Nh Nihonium 0,69 66,6 Berekend[68]
115 Mc Moscovium 0,366 35,3 Berekend[68]
116 Lv Livermorium 0,776 74,9 Berekend[68]
117 Ts Tennessine 1,719 165,9 Berekend[68]
118 Og Oganesson 0,080(6) 7,72(58) Berekend[69]
119 Uue Ununennium 0,662 63,87 Berekend[62]
120 Ubn Unbinilium 0,021 2,03 Berekend[70]
121 Ubu Unbiunium 0,57 55 Berekend[35]

Meer-atomige deeltjes

[bewerken]

De elektronenaffiniteiten, Eea, van een aantal moleculaire deeltjes zijn in onderstaande tabel weergegeven, gesorteerd op massa van de deeltjes. Door Rienstra-Kiracofe etal is een meer uitgebreide lijst samengesteld.[71]. De elektronenaffiniteit van de radicalen en zijn van alle moleculaire affiniteiten het nauwkeurigst bekend.

Molecuul Naam Massa Eea (eV) Eea (kJ/mol) Referenties
Di-atomaire deeltjes
16OH Hydroxyl 17,0068 1,827 6488(11) 176,3413(2) [72]
16OD 18,0131 1,825 53(4) 176,137(5) [73]
C2 Dikoolstof 24,0000 3,269(6) 315,4(6) [74]
CN Cyanoradicaal 26,0067 3,862(4) 372,6263 [75]
BO Boor(II)oxide 26,8100 2,508(8) 242,0(8) [76]
NO Stikstofmonoxide 30,0057 0,026(5) 2,5(5) [77]
O2 Dizuurstof 31,9980 0,450(2) 43,42(20) [78]
32SH Sulfhydryl 32,9799 2,314 7283(17) 223,3373(2) [79]
F2 Difluor 37,9968 3,08(10) 297(10) [80]
LiCl Lithiumchloride 42,3940 0,593(10) 57,2(10) [81]
Cl2 Dichloor 70,9060 2,35(8) 227(8) [80]
FeO IJzer(II)oxide 71,8440 1,4950(5) 144,25(6) [82]
Br2 Dibroom 159,8080 2,53(8) 244(8) [80]
IBr joodmonobromide 206,8085 2,512(3) 242,4(4) [83]
I2 Di-jood 253,8090 2,524(5) 243,5(5) [84]
Tri-atomaire deeltjes
NO2 Stikstofdioxide 46,0047 2,273(5) 219,3(5) [85]
O3 Ozon 47,9970 2,1028(25) 202,89(25) [86]
SO2 Zwaveldioxide 63,9701 1,107(8) 106,8(8) [87]
Grotere poly-atomaire deeltjes
CH2CHO Vinyloxy 43,0225 1,8248(+2-6) 176,07(+3-7) [88]
CH3NO2 Nitromethaan 61,0282 0,172(6) 16,6(6) [89]
HNO3 Salpeterzuur 63,0115 0,57(15) 55(14) [80]
BF3 Boortrifluoride 67,8062 2,65(10) 256(10) [90]
C6H6 Benzeen 78,0470 −0,70(14) −68(14) [91]
C6H4O2 1,4-Benzochinon 108,0293 1,860(5) 179,5(6) [92]
C2(CN)4 Tetracyano-etheen 128,0268 3,17(20) 306(20) [93]
SF6 Zwavelhexafluoride 145,9625 1,03(5) 99,4(49) [94]
POCl3 Fosforylchloride 153,3318 1,41(20) 136(20) [95]
WF6 Wolfraam(VI)fluoride 297,8304 3,5(1) 338(10) [96]
UF6 Uraniumhexafluoride 352,0204 5,06(20) 488(20) [97]
C60 Buckminsterfullereen 720,0000 2,6835(6) 258,92(6) [98]


Anionen

[bewerken]

Elektronenaffiniteiten van een aantal negatieve ionen. Ter vergelijking is ook de eerste elektronenaffiniteit voor de vermelde ionen opgenomen.[99]

Z Element Name Electron affinity (eV) Electron affinity (kJ/mol) Referentie
7 N Stikstof −0,07 −6,8 [5]
7 N− -6,98 -673 [100]
7 N2− -11,09 -1070 [100]
8 16O Zuurstof 1,461 112 97(9) 140,975 970(9) [9]
8 17O 1,461 108(4) 140,975 5(3) [10]
8 O− -7.71 -744 [100]
15 P Fosfor 0,746 609(11) 72,037(1) [16]
15 P− -4,85 -468 [100]
15 P2− -9,18 -886 [100]
16 32S Zwavel 2,077 104 2(6) 200,410 1(1) [15]
16 34S 2,077 104 5(12) 200,410 1(2) [17]
16 S− -4,73 -456 [100]
33 75As Arseen 0,804 486(3) 77,621 1(3) [2]
33 As− -4,51 -435 [100]
33 As2− -8,31 -802 [100]
34 Se Seleen 2,020 604 7(12) 194,958 7(2) [30]
34 Se− -4,25 -410 [100]



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  1. ↑ De gegevens zijn een kopie van de waarden zoals die op 29 maart 2025 in de Nederlandse Wikipedia aanwezig waren. Op hun beurt waren die gegevens ontleend aan de Engelse Wikipedia (zie de verwijzing in Wikipedia).
  2. ↑ 2,0 2,1 2,2 Blondel, C.; Drag, C. (2025). Quantum Offset of Velocity Imaging-Based Electron Spectrometry and the Electron Affinity of Arsenic. Phys. Rev. Lett. 134: 043001. DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.134.043001.
  3. ↑ Lykke, K.R.; Murray, K.K.; Lineberger, W.C. (1991). Threshold Photodetachment of H−. Phys. Rev. A 43 (11): 6104–7. PMID: 9904944. DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevA.43.6104.
  4. ↑ Beyer, M.; Merkt, F. (2018). Communication: Heavy-Rydberg states of HD and the electron affinity of the deuterium atom. J. Chem. Phys. 149: 031102. DOI: 10.1063/1.5043186.
  5. ↑ 5,00 5,01 5,02 5,03 5,04 5,05 5,06 5,07 5,08 5,09 5,10 5,11 5,12 5,13 Bratsch, S.G.; Lagowski, J.J. (1986). Predicted stabilities of monatomic anions in water and liquid ammonia at 298.15 K.. Polyhedron 5 (11): 1763–1770. DOI: 10.1016/S0277-5387(00)84854-8.
  6. ↑ Haeffler, G.; Hanstorp, D.; Kiyan, I.; Klinkmüller, A.E.; Ljungblad, U.; Pegg, D.J. (1996). Electron affinity of Li: A state-selective measurement. Phys. Rev. A 53 (6): 4127–31. PMID: 9913377. DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevA.53.4127.
  7. ↑ 7,0 7,1 Scheer, M.; Bilodeau, R.C.; Haugen, H.K. (1998). Negative ion of boron: An experimental study of the 3P ground state. Phys. Rev. Lett. 80 (12): 2562–65. DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.80.2562.
  8. ↑ Bresteau, D.; Drag, C.; Blondel, C. (2016). Isotope shift of the electron affinity of carbon measured by photodetachment microscopy. Phys. Rev. A 93 (1): 013414. DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevA.93.013414.
  9. ↑ 9,0 9,1 Kristiansson, M.K.; Chartkunchand, K.; Eklund, G. (2022). High-precision electron affinity of oxygen. Nat Commun 13 (1): 5906. PMID: 36207329. PMC: 9546871. DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-33438-y.
  10. ↑ 10,0 10,1 10,2 Blondel, C.; Delsart, C.; Valli, C.; Yiou, S.; Godefroid, M.R.; Van Eck, S. (2001). Electron affinities of 16 O, 17 O, 18 O, the fine structure of 16O−, and the hyperfine structure of 17O−.. Phys. Rev. A 64 (5): 052504. DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevA.64.052504.
  11. ↑ 11,0 11,1 Blondel, C.; Cacciani, P.; Delsart, C.; Trainham, R. (1989). High Resolution Determination of the Electron Affinity of Fluorine and Bromine using Crossed Ion and Laser Beams. Phys. Rev. A 40 (7): 3698–3701. PMID: 9902584. DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevA.40.3698.
  12. ↑ Blondel, C.; Delsart, C.; Goldfarb, F. (2001). Electron spectrometry at the μeV level and the electron affinities of Si and F. Journal of Physics B 34: L281–88. DOI: 10.1088/0953-4075/34/9/101.
  13. ↑ Hotop, H.; Lineberger, W.C. (1985). Binding energies in atomic negative ions. II. J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data 14 (3): 731. DOI: 10.1063/1.555735.
  14. ↑ Scheer, M.; Bilodeau, R.C.; Thøgersen, J.; Haugen, H.K. (1998). Threshold Photodetachment of Al−: Electron Affinity and Fine Structure. Phys. Rev. A 57 (3): R1493–96. DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevA.57.R1493.
  15. ↑ 15,0 15,1 15,2 Chaibi, W.; Peláez, R.J.; Blondel, C.; Drag, C.; Delsart, C. (2010). Effect of a magnetic field in photodetachment microscopy. Eur. Phys. J. D 58 (1): 29. DOI: 10.1140/epjd/e2010-00086-7.
  16. ↑ 16,0 16,1 Peláez, R.J.; Blondel, C.; Vandevraye, M.; Drag, C.; Delsart, C. (2011). Photodetachment microscopy to an excited spectral term and the electron affinity of phosphorus. J. Phys. B: At. Mol. Opt. Phys. 44 (19): 195009. DOI: 10.1088/0953-4075/44/19/195009.
  17. ↑ 17,0 17,1 Carette, T.; Drag, C.; Scharf, O.; Blondel, C.; Delsart, C.; Fischer, C. (2000). F. & Godefroid M. (2010). Isotope shift in the sulfur electron affinity: Observation and theory. Phys. Rev. A 81: 042522. DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevA.81.042522.
  18. ↑ Berzinsh, U.; Gustafsson, M.; Hanstorp, D.; Klinkmüller, A.; Ljungblad, U.; Martensson-Pendrill, A.M. (1995). Isotope shift in the electron affinity of chlorine. Phys. Rev. A 51 (1): 231–238. PMID: 9911578. DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevA.51.231.
  19. ↑ Andersson, K.T.; Sandstrom, J.; Kiyan, I.Y.; Hanstorp, D.; Pegg, D.J. (2000). Measurement of the electron affinity of potassium. Phys. Rev. A 62 (2): 022503. DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevA.62.022503.
  20. ↑ Petrunin, V.V.; Andersen, H.H.; Balling, P.; Andersen, T. (1996). Structural Properties of the Negative Calcium Ion: Binding Energies and Fine-structure Splitting. Phys. Rev. Lett. 76 (5): 744–47. PMID: 10061539. DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.76.744.
  21. ↑ 21,0 21,1 21,2 21,3 21,4 21,5 21,6 21,7 21,8 Ning, Chuangang; Lu, Yuzhu (2022). Electron Affinities of Atoms and Structures of Atomic Negative Ions. J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data 51 (2): 021502. DOI: 10.1063/5.0080243.
  22. ↑ Tang, R.; Fu, X.; Ning, C. (2018). Accurate electron affinity of Ti and fine structures of its anions. J. Chem. Phys. 149 (13): 134304. PMID: 30292212. DOI: 10.1063/1.5049629.
  23. ↑ Fu, X.; Luo, Z.; Chen, X.; Li, J.; Ning, C. (2016). Accurate electron affinity of V and fine-structure splittings of V− via slow-electron velocity-map imaging. J. Chem. Phys. 145 (16): 164307. PMID: 27802620. DOI: 10.1063/1.4965928.
  24. ↑ Chen, X.; Luo, Z.; Li, J.; Ning, C. (2016). Accurate Electron Affinity of Iron and Fine Structures of Negative Iron ions. Sci. Rep. 6: 24996. PMID: 27138292. PMC: 4853736. DOI: 10.1038/srep24996.
  25. ↑ Chen, X.; Ning, C. (2016). Accurate electron affinity of Co and fine-structure splittings of Co− via slow-electron velocity-map imaging. Phys. Rev. A 93 (5): 052508. DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevA.93.052508.
  26. ↑ 26,0 26,1 26,2 Scheer, M.; Brodie, C.A.; Bilodeau, R.C.; Haugen, H.K. (1998). Laser spectroscopic measurements of binding energies and fine-structure splittings of Co−, Ni−, Rh−, and Pd−.. Phys. Rev. A 58 (3): 2051–62. DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevA.58.2051.
  27. ↑ 27,0 27,1 Bilodeau, R.C.; Scheer, M.; Haugen, H.K. (1998). Infrared Laser Photodetachment of Transition Metal Negative Ions: Studies on Cr−, Mo−, Cu−, and Ag−. Journal of Physics B 31: 3885–91. DOI: 10.1088/0953-4075/31/17/013.
  28. ↑ Tang, R.; Fu, X.; Lu, Y.; Ning, C. (2020). Accurate electron affinity of Ga and fine structures of its anions. J. Chem. Phys. 152 (11): 114303. PMID: 32199425. DOI: 10.1063/1.5144962.
  29. ↑ Bresteau, D.; Babilotte, Ph.; Drag, C.; Blondel, C. (2015). Intra-cavity photodetachment microscopy and the electron affinity of germanium. J. Phys. B: At. Mol. Opt. Phys. 48 (12): 125001. DOI: 10.1088/0953-4075/48/12/125001.
  30. ↑ 30,0 30,1 Vandevraye, M.; Drag, C.; Blondel, C. (2012). Electron affinity of selenium measured by photodetachment microscopy. Phys. Rev. A 85 (1): 015401. DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevA.85.015401.
  31. ↑ Frey, P.; Breyer, F.; Hotop, H. (1978). High Resolution Photodetachment from the Rubidium Negative Ion around the Rb(5p1/2) Threshold. Journal of Physics BJ. Phys. B: At. Mol. Phys. Chinese Journal of Chemical Physics 11: L589–94. DOI: 10.1088/0022-3700/11/19/005.
  32. ↑ Andersen, H.H.; Petrunin, V.V.; Kristensen, P.; Andersen, T. (1997). Structural properties of the negative strontium ion: Binding energy and fine-structure splitting. Phys. Rev. A 55 (4): 3247–49. DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevA.55.3247.
  33. ↑ Fu, X.; Li, J.; Luo, Z.; Chen, X.; Ning, C. (2017). Precision measurement of electron affinity of Zr and fine structures of its negative ions. Journal of Chemical Physics J. Chem. Phys. The Journal of Chemical Physics 147 (6): 064306. PMID: 28810756. DOI: 10.1063/1.4986547.
  34. ↑ Luo, Z.; Chen, X.; Li, J.; Ning, C. (2016). Precision measurement of the electron affinity of niobium. Phys. Rev. A 93: 020501(R). DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevA.93.020501.
  35. ↑ 35,0 35,1 35,2 35,3 35,4 35,5 CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics 92nd Edn. (2011–2012); W. M. Haynes. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. "Section 10, Atomic, Molecular, and Optical Physics; Electron Affinities".
  36. ↑ Walter, C.W.; Gibson, N.D.; Carman, D.J.; Li, Y.-G.; Matyas, D.J. (2010). Electron affinity of indium and the fine structure of In− measured using infrared photodetachment threshold spectroscopy. Phys. Rev. A 82 (3): 032507. DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevA.82.032507.
  37. ↑ Vandevraye, M.; Drag, C.; Blondel, C. (2013). Electron affinity of tin measured by photodetachment microscopy. Journal of Physics B: Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics 46 (12): 125002. DOI: 10.1088/0953-4075/46/12/125002.
  38. ↑ Scheer, M.; Haugen, H.K.; Beck, D.R. (1997). Single- and Multiphoton Infrared Laser Spectroscopy of Sb−: A Case Study. Phys. Rev. Lett. 79 (21): 4104–7. DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.79.4104.
  39. ↑ Haeffler, G.; Klinkmüller, A.E.; Rangell, J.; Berzinsh, U.; Hanstorp, D. (1996). The electron affinity of tellurium. Z. Phys. D 38 (3): 211. DOI: 10.1007/s004600050085.
  40. ↑ Peláez, R.J.; Blondel, C.; Delsart, C.; Drag, C. (2009). Pulsed photodetachment microscopy and the electron affinity of iodine. J. Phys. B 42 (12): 125001. DOI: 10.1088/0953-4075/42/12/125001.
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  42. ↑ Navarro Navarrete, José E.; Nichols, Miranda; Ringvall-Moberg, Annie; Welander, Jakob; Lu, Di; Leimbach, David; Kristiansson, Moa K.; Eklund, Gustav; Raveesh, Meena; Chulkov, Ruslan; Zhaunerchyk, Vitali; Hanstorp, Dag (21 februari 2024). High-resolution measurement of the electron affinity of cesium. Physical Review A 109 (2). ISSN: 2469-9926. DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevA.109.022812.
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  99. ↑ De gegevens zijn een kopie van de waarden zoals die op 29 maart 2025 in de Nederlandse Wikipedia aanwezig waren. Op hun beurt waren die gegevens ontleend aan de Engelse Wikipedia (zie de verwijzing in Wikipedia).
  100. ↑ 100,0 100,1 100,2 100,3 100,4 100,5 100,6 100,7 100,8 Rayner-Canham Appendix 5: Data summarised from, and see also, J. E. Huheey et al., Inorganic Chemistry, 4th ed. (New York: HarperCollins, 1993) [1]
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