Quenya/Fonologie: verschil tussen versies

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Regel 1: Regel 1:
Dit document maakt gebruik van [[w:X-SAMPA|X-SAMPA]] als fonetische notatie.
Dit document maakt gebruik van [[w:en:X-SAMPA|X-SAMPA]] als fonetische notatie.


==Vowels==
==Klinkers==


Quenya has 5 vowels: '''a''', '''e''', '''i''', '''o''', '''u'''.
Quenya has 5 vowels: '''a''', '''e''', '''i''', '''o''', '''u'''.
Regel 28: Regel 28:




===Diphthongs===
===Tweeklanken===


Quenya has 7 diphthongs: '''ai''', '''oi''', '''ui''', '''au''', '''eu''', '''iu''', '''ei'''.
Quenya has 7 diphthongs: '''ai''', '''oi''', '''ui''', '''au''', '''eu''', '''iu''', '''ei'''.
Regel 50: Regel 50:
::'''lëo''' "shade" → '''le-o'''
::'''lëo''' "shade" → '''le-o'''



===Diaeresis===

===Trema===


In Quenya spelling in certain situations a diaeresis is used, but it makes <u>no difference</u> to pronunciation at all. It is simply used to denote a pronunciation that is not like the English pronunciation.
In Quenya spelling in certain situations a diaeresis is used, but it makes <u>no difference</u> to pronunciation at all. It is simply used to denote a pronunciation that is not like the English pronunciation.
Regel 65: Regel 67:




==Consonants==
==Medeklinkers==




===single consonants===
===enkele medeklinkers===


These are: t, p, c, s, f, h, n, m, r, v, y, w, l
These are: t, p, c, s, f, h, n, m, r, v, y, w, l
Regel 91: Regel 93:




===double consonants===
===dubbele medeklinkers===


These are: '''cc''', '''ll''', '''mm''', '''nn''', '''pp''', '''rr''', '''tt''', '''ss'''.
These are: '''cc''', '''ll''', '''mm''', '''nn''', '''pp''', '''rr''', '''tt''', '''ss'''.
Regel 99: Regel 101:




===medeklinkergroepen===
===consonant clusters forming a unit===


Even though these groups are considered units, when we want to determine the length of a syllable they count as a consonant cluster:
Even though these groups are considered units, when we want to determine the length of a syllable they count as a consonant cluster:
Regel 142: Regel 144:
:These are slightly different as they always count as a single consonant when preceded by a long vowel, but as a consonant cluster when determining syllable length with a short vowel.
:These are slightly different as they always count as a single consonant when preceded by a long vowel, but as a consonant cluster when determining syllable length with a short vowel.



===other consonant groups===

===opeenvolgende medeklinkers===


Quenya is very restrictive in the use of consonants as only certain combinations are allowed.
Quenya is very restrictive in the use of consonants as only certain combinations are allowed.
Regel 159: Regel 163:




==Stress==
==Klemtoon==


To know which syllable is stressed, we first have to understand the length of a syllable:
To know which syllable is stressed, we first have to understand the length of a syllable:
Regel 207: Regel 211:
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>> [[Quenya]] >> [[Quenya/Phonology]]
>> [[Quenya]] >> [[Quenya/Fonologie]]


[[Category:Quenya]]
[[Category:Quenya]]

Versie van 31 okt 2006 13:27

Dit document maakt gebruik van X-SAMPA als fonetische notatie.

Klinkers

Quenya has 5 vowels: a, e, i, o, u.

They are pronounced in the German or Spanish fashion, i.e.:

  • a = [a]
  • e = [e]
  • i = [i]
  • o = [o]
  • u = [u]


Each of these vowels has a long version, that is denoted by an acute accent mark: á, é, í, ó, ú

(pronounced as [a:], [e:], [i:], [o:], [u:]).


One of the most fundamental rules of Quenya phonology is:

A long vowel can never appear before a consonant cluster.


(but note: ry, ny, ly, ty do not count as consonant clusters when applying this rule; see below).


Tweeklanken

Quenya has 7 diphthongs: ai, oi, ui, au, eu, iu, ei.

The last three are quite rare.


They are pronounced as follows:

  • ai = [a:j]
  • oi = [o:j]
  • ui = [u:j]
  • ei = [e:j]
  • au = [au:]
  • eu = [eu:]
  • iu = [ju:]


Any other group of two or more sequential vowels cannot form a diphthong. These vowels consequently always belong to separate syllables:

oa "away" → o-a
tië "path" → ti-e
lëo "shade" → le-o


Trema

In Quenya spelling in certain situations a diaeresis is used, but it makes no difference to pronunciation at all. It is simply used to denote a pronunciation that is not like the English pronunciation.

The use of the diaeresis is thus not obligatory, so that is why some authors never use it.


The diaeresis can be found on following vowels:

  • final -ë
  • the combinations ëa, ëo
Note: the diaeresis moves to the next vowel if the e is capitalized: Eärendil
  • the combination in the word Loëndë "mid year's day"


Medeklinkers

enkele medeklinkers

These are: t, p, c, s, f, h, n, m, r, v, y, w, l

The pronunciation of most of these is easy as they correspond to the standard pronunciation of these consonants. But let's have a look at them one by one:

  • t = [t]
  • p = [p]
  • c = [k]: This pronunciation doesn't depend on the following vowel (e.g., as in English or French). So even though some actors say [si:rdan] for Círdan, it should always be pronounced [ki:rdan].
  • s = [s]
  • f = [f]
  • h = [h]: but the pronunciation can be different when it is part of a consonant group (see below)
  • n = [n]
  • m = [m]
  • r = [r]: it should always be a 'trilled'-r
  • v = [v]
  • y = [j]: consequently this letter always denotes a consonant
  • l = [l]


Ancient consonants:

The precursor languages of Quenya contained the consonants ñ and th. In modern Quenya they are no longer pronounced with a separate sound but coincide with [n] and [s]. See also Quenya Tengwar.


dubbele medeklinkers

These are: cc, ll, mm, nn, pp, rr, tt, ss.

They should be pronounced longer than their single counterparts, so it should be possible to hear a clear difference between e.g. cc and c.


medeklinkergroepen

Even though these groups are considered units, when we want to determine the length of a syllable they count as a consonant cluster:


  • nd, rd, ld: [nd], [rd], [ld]
In Quenya the letter d cannot appear by itself.
  • mb: [mb]
Again b cannot appear by itself.
  • ng: [N]
And g is a third letter that cannot appear by itself.
  • qu: [kw]
This is always used instead of cw.
  • x: [ks]
This is always used instead of cs.
  • ht: [xt, Ct]


Following groups are also units, but they only appear at the beginning of words:


  • hw: [Gw]
  • hl, hr: [l], [r]
In the precursor languages of Quenya they were pronounced unvoiced, but in modern Quenya they are pronounced as ordinary l and r.
  • hy: [C]
  • nw: [nw]
When nw is found in the middle of a word is simply [n] followed by [w].


And finally a special group:

ry, ny, ly, ty: [rj], [J], [L], [c]
These are slightly different as they always count as a single consonant when preceded by a long vowel, but as a consonant cluster when determining syllable length with a short vowel.


opeenvolgende medeklinkers

Quenya is very restrictive in the use of consonants as only certain combinations are allowed.

Following list contains the consonant groups that are allowed but aren't considered as a unit:

hty, lc, lm, lp, lqu, lt, lv, lw, mn, mp, my, nc, ngw, nqu, nt, nty, nw, ps, pt, rc, rm, rn, rqu, rt, rty, rs, rw, sc, squ, st, sty, sw, ts, tw.

From this list we e.g. conlude that np isn't allowed and has to be converted into mp.


These are the only consonants that can be found at the end of the word: t, r, l, n, s.

And in the dative dual the consonant cluster -nt.


Klemtoon

To know which syllable is stressed, we first have to understand the length of a syllable:


A syllable is called long if it contains:

  • a long vowel
  • a diphthong
  • a short vowel followed by a consonant cluster


So the stress rules are:

  • a monosyllabic word is stressed on that syllable
  • a disyllabic word is stressed on the first syllable
exception: avá "don't" is stressed on the final á
  • a word with more than two syllables is stressed on the penultimate (one but last) syllable if it is long and on the third syllable from behind otherwise.


In these examples the penultimate syllable is short:

vestalë "marriage" → ves-ta-le
laurëa "golden" → lau-re-a
Yavannië "september" → Ya-van-ni-e


In these examples the penultimate syllable is long:

Elentári "Starqueen" → E-len--ri
hastaina "marred" → has-tai-na
Valarauco "Balrog" → Va-la-rau-co
Elendil "Elendil" → E-le-ndil


The consonants x and qu count as a consonant cluster (cs and cw):

Helcaraxë "Helcaraxë" → Hel-ca-ra-xë
ciryaquen "sailor" → ci-rya-quen


The special consonant clusters ry, ly, ny, ty are considered consonant clusters when determining stress (see above):

Elenya "Sunday" → E-le-nya


These rules also imply that it is not always a syllable with long vowel that is stressed (in some languages like Swedish this is always true, so speakers of these languages have to be extra careful when stressing such words):

Úlairi "Nazgûl" → Ú-lai-ri
palantír "seeing-stone" → pa-lan-tír



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