Quenya/Stamvormen

Stamvormen zijn eigenlijk overblijfselen van Oud-Elfs. Zo was het originele Oud-Elfse woord voor "vloer" eigenlijk talam. Maar omdat de letter m niet langer toegestaan is op het einde van een Quenya woord (zie Quenya/Fonologie), evolueerde dit woord naar talan met talam- als stamvorm.

Alle substantieven met een u-duaal die tot een van de categorieën op deze pagina behoren, gebruiken de stamvorm in het duaal maar verder zijn ze regelmatig (we gebruiken toron, torn- "broer"):

Nom. tornu, Gen. tornuo, Poss. tornuva, Dat. tornun,

Abl. tornullo, All. tornunna, Loc. tornussë, Instr. tornunen, Resp. tornus.

De onregelmatige stamvormen kan je op een afzonderlijke pagina terugvinden: Quenya/Speciale stamvormen.

d/t-stammen

De eerste groep eindigt op –n, –r of –l. Hun stamvormen worden gevormd door een extra –d–.

De tweede groep eindigt op –n, –r of –s ze voegen -t bij om tot de stamvorm te komen.

De pagina Quenya/Substantieven: d/t-stammen bevat een overzicht van alle gekende substantieven in deze categorie.

De adjectieven op –n behoren waarschijnlijk ook tot de d-stammen (PE 14 pg. 77):

i hwarindi "de scheven"

hwarindi neri "scheve mannen"

Als ze gebruikt worden als laatste verbogen woord (zie Quenya/Verbogen adjectieven), dan krijgen ze de klinkers –e– of –i– tussen de stam en de uitgang:

harma furindessë "in een verborgen schat"

urur úrindinen "met gloeiende vuren"

De verbuiging van de d- en t-stammen is regelmatig behalve in de possessief enkelvoud. Deze naamval maakt gebruik van de nominatief enkelvoud en de uitgang –wa (alle substantieven in deze categorie hebben u-dualen):

	enkelvoud	meervoud	duaal	part. meerv.
nominatief	fion	fiondi	fiondu	fiondeli
genitief	fiondo	fiondion	fionduo	fiondelion
possessief	fionwa	fiondiva	fionduva	fiondelíva
datief	fionden	fiondin	fiondun	fiondelin
ablatief	fiondello	fiondillon(r)	fiondullo	fiondelillo(n)(r)
allatief	fiondenna	fiondinnar	fiondunna	fiondelinna(r)
locatief	fiondessë	fiondissen	fiondussë	fiondelisse(n)
instrumentalis	fiondenen	fiondinen	fiondunen	fiondelínen
respectief	fiondes	fiondis	fiondus	fiondelis

Contracted stems

Another group of stems lose the vowel of the second syllable. So the stem-form is a contracted form of the nominative.

Following nouns belong to this group:

coron, corn- "ball"

feren, fern- "beech"

haran, harn- "leader"

huan, hún- "dog"

laman, lamn- "animal"

soron, sorn- "eagle"

toron, torn- "brother"

In quite a number of cases of the singular these words use the nominative to produce these cases. In the partitive plural they also use the nominative:

	singular	plural	dual	part. plural
nominative	haran	harni	harnet	haralli
genitive	harno	harnion	haranto	harallion
possessive	haranwa	harniva	harnetwa	haralliva
dative	harnen	harnin	harnent	harallin
ablative	harallo	harnillon(r)	harelto	harallillo(n)(r)
allative	haranna	harninnar	harnenta	harallinna(r)
locative	harandë	harnissen	harnetsë	harallisse(n)
instrumental	harannen	harninen	harnenten	harallinen
respective	harnes	harnis	harnetes	harallis

There is a second group that have lost the final vowel + n in the nominative

calmar, calmarn- "child of light"

halatir, halatirn- "kingfisher"

mëar, mëarn- "gore, blood"

pur, purn- "(artificial) fire"

tavar, tavarn- "dale sprite"

and also

seler, sell- "sister"

They have in the singular only two exceptional cases:

	singular	plural	dual	part. plural
nominative	seler	selli	sellet	selli
genitive	sello	sellion	selerto	sellion
possessive	selerwa	selliva	selletwa	selliva
dative	sellen	sellin	sellent	sellin
ablative	sellello	sellillon(r)	sellelto	sellillo(n)(r)
allative	sellenna	sellinnar	sellenta	sellinna(r)
locative	sellessë	sellissen	selletsë	sellisse(n)
instrumental	selernen	sellinen	sellenten	sellinen
respective	selles	sellis	selletes	sellis

Doubled stems

There are also words in -t that have a doubled stem but they can be found on the page about Quenya/Exceptional stems.

doubled stems in ss

A number of stems double their final -s:

calas, calass- "brass"

coimas, coimass- "lembas" ^

eques, equess- "saying"

falas, falass- "shore, beach"

indis, indiss- "bride"

inwilis, inwiliss- "fairy"

is, iss- "light snow"

itis, itiss- "fly bite"

lis, liss- "honey"

nes, ness- "mead, valley, land"

niquis, niquiss- "frost-pattern"

nís, niss- "woman" ^^

oinalis, oinaliss- "ointment"

olos, oloss- "snow" ^^^

sintilis, sintiliss- "sparkling (of crystal)"

tiris, tiriss- "watch"

tolos, toloss- "knob, lump"

tyos, tyoss- "cough"

The proper name Tulcas also belongs to this group.

^ coimas also has the stem-form coimast-.

^^ The long í shortens before a double consonant.

^^^ This word also has the nominative olossë. It should not be confused with olos "dream" which has an irregular stem-form (see Quenya/Exceptional stems).

	singular	plural	dual	part. plural
nominative	falas	falassi	falasset	falasseli
genitive	falasso	falassion	falasto	falasselion
possessive	falasseva	falassiva	falassetwa	falasselíva
dative	falassen	falassin	falassent	falasselin
ablative	falassello	falassillon(r)	falasselto	falasselillo(n)(r)
allative	falassenna	falassinnar	falassenta	falasselinna(r)
locative	falassë	falassen	falassetsë	falasselisse(n)
instrumental	falassenen	falassinen	falssenten	falasselínen
respective	falasses	falassis	falassetes	falasselis

The word solor "surf" has stem-form soloss- and uses the same forms as these words except the possessive singular which is solorwa.

doubled stems in ll/nn

Final l and n can also be doubled:

amil, amill- "mother"

aranel, aranell-

horinel, horinell- "pine-needle"

miril, mirill- "jewel"

riel, riell- "flower-girl"

sil, sill- "moon"

tol, toll- "island" ^

ailin, ailinn- "lake"

cailen, cailenn- "throat"

calimban, calimbann- "barbarian land"

campin, campinn- "hips"

colman, colmann- "summit"

elwen, elwenn- "heart"

helin, helinn- "pansy"

irin, irinn- "town"

irmin, irminn- "inhabited world"

latúcen, latúcenn- "tin"

licin, licinn- "horn"

mindon, mindonn- "turret"

olwen, olwenn- "branch, wand"

onin, oninn- "anvil"

pequen, pequenn- "comb"

tamin, taminn- "forge"

túrin, túrinn- "province"

wilin, wilinn- "bird"

The proper name Silmaril also belongs to these words.

^ The cases of tol are formed with an –o– between stem and ending (see Quenya/Exceptional stems).

The exceptional cases are: the possessive singular, the allative or ablative in singular and plural, and all cases of the partitive plural.

	singular	plural	dual	part. plural
nominative	amil	amilli	amillet	amilli
genitive	amillo	amillion	amilto	amillion
possessive	amilwa	amilliva	amilletwa	amilliva
dative	amillen	amillin	amillent	amillin
ablative	amillo	amillon(r)	amillelto	amillillo(n)(r)
allative	amillenna	amillinnar	amillenta	amillinna(r)
locative	amillessë	amillissen	amilletsë	amillisse(n)
instrumental	amillenen	amillinen	amillenten	amillinen
respective	amilles	amillis	amilletes	amillis

	singular	plural	dual	part. plural
nominative	olwen	olwenni	olwennet	olwelli
genitive	olwenno	olwennion	olwento	olwellion
possessive	olwenwa	olwenniva	olwennetwa	olwelliva
dative	olwennen	olwennin	olwennent	olwellin
ablative	olwennello	olwennillon(r)	olwennelto	olwellillo(n)(r)
allative	olwenna	olwennar	olwennenta	olwellinna(r)
locative	olwennessë	olwennissen	olwennetsë	olwellisse(n)
instrumental	olwennenen	olwenninen	olwennenten	olwellinen
respective	olwennes	olwennis	olwennetes	olwellis

doubled stems in rr

condor, condorr- "warrior"

hostar, hostarr- "tribe"

indor, indorr- "groom"

lamandar, lamandarr- "herdsman"

lar, larr- "place, region"

maquar, maquarr- "(human) jaw"

milnar, milnarr- "sown field"

neldor, neldorr- "beech"

They are declined as follows:

	singular	plural	dual	part. plural
nominative	lar	larri	larret	lalli
genitive	larro	larrion	larto	lallion
possessive	larwa	larriva	larretwa	lalliva
dative	larren	larrin	larrent	lallin
ablative	larrello	larrillon(r)	larrelto	lallillo(n)(r)
allative	larrenna	larrennar	larrenta	lallinna(r)
locative	larressë	larrissen	larretsë	lallisse(n)
instrumental	larrenen	larrinen	larrenten	lallinen
respective	larres	larris	larretes	lallis

m-stems

As told in the introduction, the letter m is no longer allowed at the end of a word and has changed into n in the nominative:

artan, artam- "hammer"

ilin, ilim- "milk"

men, mem- "nose, beak"

quin, quim- "female"

ran, ram- "noise"

talan, talam- "floor"

These words have exceptional locatives, instrumentals and partitive plurals:

	singular	plural	dual	part. plural
nominative	men	memi	memet	melli
genitive	memo	memion	mento	mellion
possessive	memeva	memiva	memetwa	melliva
dative	memen	memin	mement	mellin
ablative	memello	memillon(r)	memelto	mellillo(n)(r)
allative	memenna	meminnar	mementa	mellinna(r)
locative	mendë	memissen	memetsë	mellisse(n)
instrumental	memnen	meminen	mementen	mellinen
respective	memes	memis	memetes	mellis

The words with stem on -ng also behave like these words:

falaswin, falaswing- "wavecrest"

fen, feng- "reed"

The locative is fendë and the partitive plural felli (but the instrumental is regular: fengenen).

c-stems

Four words originally ended in -c, and this letter is also not allowed at the end of a word:

filit, filic- "little bird"

nelet, nelc- "tooth"

oryat, oryac- "badger"

quesset, quessec- "pillow"

	singular	plural	dual	part. plural
nominative	filit	filici	filicu	filiceli
genitive	filico	filicion	filicuo	filicelion
possessive	filiqua	filiciva	filicuva	filicelíva
dative	filicen	filicin	filicun	filicelin
ablative	filicello	filicillon(r)	filicullo	filicelillo(n)(r)
allative	filicenna	filicinnar	filicunna	filicelinna(r)
locative	filixë	filicissen	filicussë	filicelisse(n)
instrumental	filincen	filicinen	filicunen	filicelínen
respective	filices	filicis	filicus	filicelis

The locative of nelet is neletsë, but otherwise it is declined the same as the other three nouns.

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